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The Question That Demolishes the Theory of Evolution:
How did the DNA Originate?
The question of how such an extraordinarily designed
molecule as DNA originated is one of the thousands of impasses evolutionists
reach. Seeking to explain life by means of "coincidence",
the theory of evolution can never explain the source of the extraordinary
information so perfectly and meticulously encoded in DNA.
Moreover, the question is not only that of how
the DNA chain originated. Even the existence of the DNA chain with
the extraordinary information capacity it contains, means nothing
by itself. In order to refer to life, it is essential that the enzymes
that read this DNA chain,copy them and produce proteins, also exist.
(Enzymes are large molecules that have certain functions in the
cell which they carry out with the precision of a robot.)
Simply put, in order to talk of life, both the
data bank we call DNA, and the machines to carry out production
by reading the data in the bank have to co-exist.
To our surprise, enzymes, which read DNA and
carry out production accordingly, are themselves produced according
to the codes in DNA. This means that there is a factory in the cell
that both makes many different types of products, and also manufactures
the robots and machines that carry out this production. The question
of how this system, which would be of no use with a minor defect
in any of its mechanisms originated, is by itself enough to demolish
the theory of evolution.
German evolutionist Douglas R. Hofstadler, states
his despair in the face of this question:
'How did the Genetic Code, along with the mechanisms
for its translation (ribosomes and RNA molecules), originate?' For
the moment, we will have to content ourselves with a sense of wonder
and awe, rather than with an answer.5
Another evolutionist authority, world renowned
molecular biologist Leslie Orgel, is more outspoken on the subject:
It is extremely improbable that proteins and
nucleic acids, both of which are structurally complex, arose spontaneously
in the same place at the same time. Yet it also seems impossible
to have one without the other. And so, at first glance, ONE MIGHT
HAVE TO CONCLUDE THAT LIFE COULD NEVER, IN FACT, HAVE ORIGINATED
BY CHEMICAL MEANS.6
Saying "life could never have originated
by chemical means" is the equivalent of saying that "life
could never have originated by itself". Recognition of the
truth of this statement results in the realization that life is
created in a conscious way. For ideological reasons, evolutionists,
however, do not accept this fact, clear evidence of which is before
their eyes. To avoid accepting the existence of God, they believe
in nonsensical scenarios, the impossibility of which they are also
convinced of.
In
his book "Evolution: A Theory in Crisis," about the invalidity
of the theory of evolution, renowned molecular biologist Prof. Michael
Denton explains the unreasonable conviction of Darwinists:
To the skeptic, the proposition that the genetic
programmes of higher organisms, consisting of something close to
a thousand million bits of information, equivalent to the sequence
of letters in a small library of one thousand volumes, containing
in encoded form countless thousands of intricate algorithms controlling,
specifying, and ordering the growth and development of billions
and billions of cells into the form of a complex organism, were
composed by a purely random process is simply AN AFFRONT TO REASON.
BUT TO THE DARWINIST, THE IDEA IS ACCEPTED WITHOUT A RIPPLE OF DOUBT
- THE PARADIGM TAKES PRECEDENCE!7
Indeed, Darwinism is nothing but a totally unreasonable,
superstitious belief. Anyone with any reason would see the evidence
for that great fact by looking at DNA, or any other part of the
universe. Human beings and all living things are created by God,
the All-Mighty, Who is the Lord of all the worlds.
"The RNA World"
The discovery in the 70s that the gasses originally
existing in the primitive world atmosphere rendered amino acid synthesis
impossible was a big blow to the molecular evolutionary theory.
It then was understood that "primitive atmosphere experiments"
of evolutionists such as Miller, Fox and Ponnamperuma were invalid.
For this reason, in the 80s new evolutionist attempts were put forth.
As a result, the scenario of the "RNA World" was advanced,
which proposed that it was not the proteins that were formed first,
but RNA molecules that contained the information for the proteins.
According to this scenario advanced by Walter
Gilbert, a chemist from Harvard in 1986, billions of years ago an
RNA molecule that somehow managed to self-replicate, formed by coincidence.
Then this RNA molecule started to produce proteins being activated
by external effects. Thereafter, it became necessary to store this
information in a second molecule, and somehow the DNA molecule emerged.
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CONFESSIONS FROM EVOLUTIONISTS
Probabilistic calculations make it
clear that complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic
acids (RNA and DNA) could not ever have been formed by chance
independently of each other. Yet evolutionists have to face
the even greater problem that all these complex molecules
have to coexist simultaneously in order for life to exist
at all. Evolutionary theory is utterly confounded by this
requirement. This is a point on which some leading evolutionists
have been forced to confession. For instance, Stanley Miller's
and Francis Crick's close associate from the University of
San Diego California, reputable evolutionist Dr. Leslie Orgel
says:
It is extremely improbable that proteins and nucleic acids,
both of which are structurally complex, arose spontaneously
in the same place at the same time. Yet it also seems impossible
to have one without the other. And so, at first glance, one
might have to conclude that life could never, in fact, have
originated by chemical means.1
The same fact is also admitted by other scientists:
DNA cannot do its work, including forming more DNA, without
the help of catalytic proteins, or enzymes. In short, proteins
cannot form without DNA, but neither can DNAform without proteins.2
How did the Genetic Code, along with the mechanisms for its
translation (ribosomes and RNAmolecules), originate? For the
moment, we will have to content ourselves with a sense of
wonder and awe, rather than with an answer.3
1 Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life
on Earth", Scientific American, vol. 271, October 1994, p. 78
2 John Horgan, "In the Beginning", Scientific American, vol.
264, February 1991, p. 119
3 Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden
Braid, New York, Vintage Books, 1980, p. 548 |
Being made up of a chain of impossibilities in
each and every stage, this hardly imaginable scenario only magnified
the problem and brought up many inextricable questions rather than
providing any explanation for the origin of life:
1. When it is impossible to explain the coincidental
formation of even one of the nucleotides making up RNA, how can
it be possible for these imaginary nucleotides to form RNA by coming
together in a proper sequence? Evolutionist biologist John Horgan
admits the impossibility of the chance formation of RNA as follows;
As researchers continue to examine the RNA-world
concept closely, more problems emerge. How did RNA arise initially?
RNA and its components are difficult to synthesize in a laboratory
under the best of conditions, much less under plausible ones.8
2. Even if we suppose that it formed by chance,
how could this RNA made up of simply a nucleotide chain have "decided"
to self-replicate and with what kind of a mechanism could it have
carried out this self-replicating process? Where did it find the
nucleotides it used while self-replicating? Even evolutionist microbiologists
Gerald Joyce and Leslie Orgel express the desperateness of the situation
in their book titled "In the RNA World":
This discussion... has, in a sense, focused on
a straw man:the myth of a self-replicating RNA molecule that arose
de novo from a soup of random polynucleotides. Not only is such
a notion unrealistic in light of our current understanding of prebiotic
chemistry, but it should strain the credulity of even an optimist's
view of RNA's catalytic potential.9
3. Even if we suppose that there was a self-replicating
RNA in the primordial world, that numerous amino acids of every
type ready to be used by RNA were available and that all of these
impossibilities somehow took place, the situation still does not
lead to the formation of even a single protein. For RNA only includes
information concerning the structure ofproteins. Amino acids, on
the other hand, are raw materials. Nevertheless, no mechanism exists
to produce proteins. To consider the existence of RNA sufficient
for protein production is as nonsensical as expecting a car to be
self-assembled and self-manufactured by simply throwing its design
drawn on paper on thousands of its parts piled upon each other.
In this case, too, production is out of the question since no factory
or workers are involved in the process.
Transfer RNA. It binds to amino acids
and move them into place on the ribosome as needed. Each type
of tRNA binds only a single one of the 20 different amino
acids. Amino acids attach to the appropriate tRNA at one end,
which has folded into a three-dimensional L-shape. Such a
perfect harmony taking place in an area one billionth of a
millimeter is clear evidence for Creation.
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A protein is produced in the ribosome factory
with the help of many enzymes and as a result of extremely complex
processes within the cell. Ribosome is a complex cell organelle
made up of proteins. Therefore, this situation also brings up another
unreasonable supposition that ribosome, too, should have come into
existence by chance at the same time. Even Nobel prize winner Jacques
Monod, who is one of the most fanatical defenders of evolution,
explains that protein synthesis can by no means be underestimated
so as to depend merely on the information in the nucleic acids:
The code is meaningless unless translated. The
modern cell's translating machinery consists of at least fifty macromolecular
components which are themselves coded in DNA: the code cannot be
translated otherwise than by products of translation. It is the
modern expression of omne vivum ex ovo. When and how did this circle
become closed? It is exceedingly difficult to imagine.10
How could an RNA chain in the primordial world
take such a decision and what methods could it have employed to
realize protein production by undertaking the job of fifty specialized
particles only on its own? Evolutionists have no answer to these
questions.
Dr. Leslie Orgel
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Dr. Leslie Orgel, one of the associates of Stanley
Miller and Francis Crick from the University of San Diego California,
uses the term "scenario" for the possibility of "the
origination of life through the RNA world". Orgel described
what kind of features this RNA had to have and how impossible this
was in her article titled "The Origin of Life" published
in American Scientist in October 1994:
This scenario could have occured, we noted, if
prebiotic RNA had two properties not evident today: A capacity to
replicate without the help of proteins and an ability to catalyze
every step of protein synthesis.11
As should be clear, to expect these two complex
and extremely essential processes from a molecule like RNA is only
possible by an evolutionist's power of imagination and viewpoint.
Concrete scientific facts, on the other hand, make it explicit that
the thesis of the "RNA World", which is a new model proposed
for the chance formation of life, is an equally implausible fable.
Life is a Concept Beyond Mere Heaps of Molecules
Let us forget all the impossibilities for a moment
and suppose that a protein molecule was formed in the most inappropriate,
most uncontrolled environment such as the primordial earth conditions.
The formation of only one protein would not be sufficient; this
protein would have to wait patiently for thousands, maybe millions
of years in this uncontrolled environment without sustaining any
damage, until another molecule was formed beside it by chance under
the same conditions. It would have to wait until millions of correct
and essential proteins were formed side by side in the same setting
all "by chance". Those that formed earlier had to be patient
enough to wait, without being destroyed despite ultraviolet rays
and harsh mechanical effects, for the others to be formed right
next to them. Then these proteins in adequate number, which all
originated at the very same spot, would have to come together by
making meaningful combinations and form the organelles of the cell.
No extraneous material, harmful molecule, or useless protein chain
may interfere with them. Then, even if these organelles were to
come together in an extremely harmonious and co-operative way within
a plan and order, they must take all the necessary enzymes beside
themselves and become covered with a membrane, the inside of which
must be filled with a special liquid to prepare the ideal environment
for them. Now even if all these "highly unlikely" eventsactually
occurred by chance, would this molecular heap come to life?
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God... There is no
god but Him, the Living, the Self-Sustaining... Everything
in the earth belongs to Him...
He is the Most High, the Magnificent.
(Surat al-Baqara: 255)
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The answer is No, because research has revealed
that the mere combination of all the materials essential for life
is not enough for life to get started. Even if all the essential
proteins for life were collected and put in a test tube, these efforts
would not result with producing a living cell. All the experiments
conducted on this subject have proved to be unsuccessful. All observations
and experiments indicate that life can only originate from life.
The assertion that life evolved from non-living things, in other
words, "abiogenesis", is a tale only existing in the dreams
of the evolutionists and completely at variance with the results
of every experiment and observation.
Chandra Wickramasinghe
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In this respect, the first life on earth must
also have originated from other life. This is a reflection of God's
epithet of "Hayy" (The Alive, The Ever Living). Life can
only start, continue, and end by His will. As for evolution, not
only is it unable to explain how life began, it is also unable to
explain how the materials essential for life have formed and come
together.
Chandra Wickramasinghe describes the reality
he faced as a scientist who had been told throughout his life that
life had emerged as a result of chance coincidences:
From my earliest training as a scientist, I was very
strongly brainwashed to believe that science cannot be consistent
with any kind of deliberate creation. That notion has had to be
painfully shed. At the moment, I can't find any rational argument
to knock down the view which argues for conversion to God. We used
to have an open mind; now we realize that the only logical answer
to life is creation-and not accidental random shuffling.12
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THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS INVALIDATES
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION
The Second Law of Thermodynamics,
which is accepted as one of the basic laws of physics, holds
that under normal conditions all systems left on their own
will tend to become disordered, dispersed, and corrupted in
direct relation to the amount of time that passes. Everything
living or non-living wears out, deteriorates, decays, disintegrates,
and is destroyed. This is the absolute end that all beings
will face one way or another and according to this law, this
unavoidable process has no return.
This is something that all of us have
observed. For example if you take a car to a desert and leave
it there, you would hardly expect to find it in a better condition
when you came back years later. On the contrary, you would
see that its tyres had gone flat, its windows had been broken,
its chassis had rusted, and its motor had decayed. The same
inevitable process holds true and even more quickly for living
things.
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The Law of Thermodynamics holds
that natural conditions always lead to disorder. Evolutionary
theory, on the other hand, is an unscientific theory
that utterly contradicts with this law.
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The Second Law of Thermodynamics is the means
by which this natural process is defined with physical equations
and calculations.
This famous law of physics is also known
as "the Law of Entropy". Entropy is the range of the disorder
involved in a system in physics. A system's entropy is increased
as it moves towards a more disordered, dispersed, and unplanned
state from an ordered, organised, and planned one. The higher
a system's disorder, the higher is its entropy. The Law of
Entropy holds that the entire universe unavoidably proceeds
towards a more disordered, unplanned, and disorganised state.
The validity of the Second Law of Thermodynamics, or the Law
of Entropy, is experimentally and theoretically established.
The most important scientists of our age agree on the fact
that The Entropy Law will preside as the ruling paradigm over
the next period of history. Albert Einstein, the greatest
scientist of our age, said that it is the "premier law of
all of science". Sir Arthur Eddington also referred to it
as the "supreme metaphysical law of the entire universe".1
Evolutionary theory is an assertion that
is advanced by totally ignoring this basic and universally
true law of physics. The mechanism offered by evolution totally
contradicts this law. The theory of evolution says that disordered,
dispersed, and inorganic atoms and molecules spontaneously
came together in time in a certain order and plan to form
extremely complex molecules such as proteins, DNA, and RNA
after which they gradually brought about millions of different
living species with even more complex structures. According
to the evolutionary theory, this supposed process that yields
a more planned, more ordered, more complex and more organised
structure at each stage has formed all by itself under natural
conditions. The Law of Entropy makes it clear that this so-called
natural process utterly contradicts the laws of physics.
Evolutionist scientists are also aware of
this fact. J.H. Rush states:
In the complex course of its evolution, life
exhibits a remarkable contrast to the tendency expressed in
the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Where the Second Law expresses
an irreversible progression toward increased entropy and disorder,
life evolves continually higher levels of order.2
The evolutionist scientist Roger Lewin expresses
the thermodynamic impasse of evolution in an article in Science:
One problem biologists have faced is the
apparent contradiction by evolution of the second law of thermodynamics.
Systems should decay through time, giving less, not more,
order.3
Another evolutionist scientist, George Stravropoulos
states the thermodynamic impossibility of the spontaneous
formation of life and the unfeasibility of explaining the
existence of complex living mechanisms by natural laws in
the well-known evolutionist magazine American Scientist:
Yet, under ordinary conditions, no complex
organic molecule can ever form spontaneously but will rather
disintegrate, in agreement with the second law. Indeed, the
more complex it is, the more unstable it is, and the more
assured, sooner or later, is its disintegration. Photosynthesis
and all life processes, and life itself, despite confused
or deliberately confusing language, cannot yet be understood
in terms of thermodynamics or any other exact science.4
As acknowledged, the Second Law of Thermodynamics
constitutes an insurmountable obstacle for the scenario of
evolution in terms of both science and logic. Unable to put
forth any scientific and consistent explanation to overcome
this obstacle, evolutionists can only defeat it in their imagination.
For instance, the famous evolutionist Jeremy Rifkin notes
his belief that evolution overwhelms this law of physics with
a "magical power":
The Entropy Law says that evolution dissipates
the overall available energy for life on this planet. Our
concept of evolution is the exact opposite. We believe that
evolution somehow magically creates greater overall value
and order on earth.5
These words very well indicate that evolution
is totally a dogmatic belief.
THE MYTH OF THE "OPEN SYSTEM"
Confronted by all these truths, evolutionists
have had to take refuge in a mangling of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics, saying that it holds true only for "closed
systems" and that "open systems" are beyond the scope of this
law.
An "open system" is a thermodynamic system
in which energy matter flow in and out, unlike a "closed system",
in which the initial energy and matter remains constant. Evolutionists
hold that the world is an open system: that it is constantly
exposed to an energy flow from the sun, that the law of entropy
does not apply for the world as a whole, and that ordered,
complex living beings can be generated from disordered, simple,
and inanimate structures.
However, there is an obvious distortion here.
The fact that a system has an energy inflow is not enough
to make that system ordered. Specific mechanisms are needed
to make the energy functional. For instance, a car needs a
motor, a transmission system, and related control mechanisms
to convert the energy in gasoline to work. Without such an
energy conversion system, the car will not be able to use
the energy in gasoline.
The same thing applies in the case of life
as well. It is true that life derives its energy from the
sun. However, solar energy can only be converted into chemical
energy by the incredibly complex energy conversion systems
in living things (such as photosynthesis in plants and the
digestive systems of humans and animals). No living thing
can live without such energy conversion systems. Without an
energy conversion system, the sun is nothing but a source
of destructive energy that burns, parches, or melts.
As may be seen, a thermodynamic system without
an energy conversion mechanism of some sort is not advantageous
for evolution, be it open or closed. No one asserts that such
complex and conscious mechanisms could have existed in nature
under the conditions of the primeval earth. Indeed, the real
problem confronting evolutionists is the question of how complex
energy converting mechanisms such as photosynthesis in plants,
which cannot be duplicated even with modern technology, could
have come into being on its own.
The influx of solar energy into the world
has no effect that would on its own bring order. No matter
how high the temperature may become, amino acids resist forming
bonds in ordered sequences. Energy by itself is not enough
to make amino acids form the much more complex molecules of
proteins or for proteins to form the much complex and organised
structures of cell organelles. The real and essential source
of this organization at all levels is conscious design: in
a word, creation.
THE "CHAOS THEORY" EVASION
Quite aware that the Second Law of Thermodynamics
renders evolution impossible, some evolutionist scientists
have made speculative attempts to close the gap between the
two so as to render evolution possible. As usual, even those
endeavours show that the theory of evolution faces an inescapable
impasse.
One person distinguished by his efforts to
marry thermodynamics and evolution is the Belgian scientist
Ilya Prigogine.
Starting out from the Chaos Theory, Prigogine
proposed a number of hypotheses in which order forms from
chaos (disorder). Despite his best efforts however, Prigogine
has been unable to pull off the wedding. This is clearly seen
in what he says:
There is another question, which has plagued
us for more than a century: What significance does the evolution
of a living being have in the world described by thermodynamics,
a world of ever-increasing disorder?6
Prigogine, who knows quite well that theories
at the molecular level are not applicable to living systems,
such as a living cell, stresses this problem: The problem
of biological order involves the transition from the molecular
activity to the supermolecular order of the cell. This problem
is far from being solved.7
This is the point most recently arrived at
by Chaos Theory and related speculations. No concrete outcome
has been attained that would support or verify evolution or
eliminate the contradiction between evolution, entropy, and
other physical laws.
Despite all these evident facts, evolutionists
try to take refuge in simple subterfuges. Plain scientific
truths show that living things and the ordered, planned, and
complex structures of living things could in no way have come
into being by coincidence under normal circumstances. This
situation makes it clear that the existence of living beings
can only be explained by the intervention of a supernatural
power. That supernatural power is the creation of God, who
created the entire universe from nothing. Science has proven
that evolution is still impossible as far as thermodynamics
is concerned and the existence of life has no explanation
but Creation.
1 Jeremy Rifkin, Entropy: A New World View,
New York, Viking Press, 1980, p.6
2 J. H.Rush, The Dawn of Life, New York, Signet, 1962, p 35
3 Roger Lewin, "A Downward Slope to Greater Diversity", Science,
vol. 217, 24.9.1982, p. 1239
4 George P. Stravropoulos, "The Frontiers and Limits of Science",
American Scientist, vol. 65, November-December 1977, p.674
5 Jeremy Rifkin, Entropy: A New World View, p.55
6 Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos, New
York, Bantam Books, 1984, p. 129
7 Ilya Prigogine, Isabelle Stengers, Order Out of Chaos, p.
175 36 |
5 Douglas R. Hofstadter, Gödel,
Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid, New York, Vintage Books, 1980,
p. 548 
6 Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on the Earth",
Scientific American, October 1994, vol. 271, p. 78. 
7 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis.
London: Burnett Books, 1985, p. 351. 
8 John Horgan, "In the Beginning", Scientific American,
vol. 264, February 1991, p. 119. 
9 G.F. Joyce, L. E. Orgel, "Prospects for Understanding
the Origin of the RNA World", In the RNA World, New York: Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press, 1993, p. 13. 
10 Jacques Monod, Chance and Necessity, New York:
1971, p.143. 
11 Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on the Earth",
Scientific American, October 1994, vol. 271, p. 78. 
12 Chandra Wickramasinghe, Interview in London Daily
Express, August 14, 1981.
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